The Ancient History of Silk Making and Silkworms

Silkworms (incorrectly spelled silk worms) are the larval form of the domesticated silk moth, Bombyx mori. The silk moth was domesticated in its native habitat of northern China from its wild cousin Bombyx mandarina, a cousin which still survives today. Archaeological evidence suggests that occurred about 3500 BCE. Key Takeaways: Silk Worms Silkworms are the larvae from silk moths (Bombyx mori).  They produce silk fibers—water-insoluble filament from glands—to create cocoons; humans simply unravel the cocoons back into strings.  Domesticated silkworms tolerate human handling and massive crowding and are totally dependent on humans for survival.Silk fibers were used to make clothing by the Longshan period (3500–2000 BCE). The fabric we call silk is made from the long thin fibers produced by the silkworm during its larval stage. The insects intent is to create a cocoon for its transformation into the moth form. Silkworm workers simply unravel the cocoons, each cocoon producing between 325–1,000 feet (100–300 meters) of fine, very strong thread. Worker unwinding and reeling silk cocoons in factory. kjekol / iStock / Getty Images People today make fabrics from the fibers produced by at least 25 different species of wild and domesticated butterflies and moths in the order Lepidoptera. Two versions of wild silkworm are exploited by silk manufacturers today, B. mandarina in China and far eastern Russia; and one in Japan and southern Korea called Japanese B. mandarina. The largest silk industry today is in India, followed by China and Japan, and more than 1,000 inbred strains of silkworms are kept worldwide today. What is Silk? Silk fibers are water-insoluble filaments that animals (chiefly the larval version of moths and butterflies, but also spiders) secrete from specialized glands. Animals store the chemicals fibroin and sericin—silkworm cultivation is often called sericulture—as gels in the insects glands. As the gels are excreted, they are converted into fibers. Spiders and at least 18 different orders of insects make silk. Some use them to construct nests and burrows, but butterflies and moths use the excretions to spin cocoons. That ability that began at least 250 million years ago. The silkworm caterpillar feeds exclusively on the leaves from several species of mulberry (Morus), which contain a latex with very high concentrations of alkaloid sugars. Those sugars are toxic to other caterpillars and herbivores; silkworms have evolved to tolerate those toxins. Domestication History Silkworms are today completely dependent on humans for survival, a direct result of artificial selection. Other characteristics bred into the domestic silkworm caterpillar are a tolerance for human proximity and handling as well as for excessive crowding. Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of cocoons of the silkworm species Bombyx to produce cloth began at least as early as the Longshan period (3500–2000 BCE), and perhaps earlier. Evidence of silk from this period is known from a few remnant textile fragments recovered from well-preserved tombs. Chinese historical records such as the Shi Ji report silk production and depict garments. Archaeological Evidence The Western Zhou Dynasty (11th–8th centuries BCE) saw the development of early silk brocades. Many silk textile examples have been recovered from archaeological excavations of Mashan and Baoshan sites, dated to the Chu Kingdom (7th century BCE) of the later Warring States period. Silk products and silkworm-rearing technologies came to play a critical role in Chinese trade networks and in the interaction of cultures among different countries. By the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–9 CE), silk production was so important to international trade that the camel caravan trails used to connect ChangAn with Europe were named the Silk Road. Silkworm technology spread to Korea and Japan about 200 BCE. Europe was introduced to silk products through the Silk Road network, but the secret of silk fiber production remained unknown outside of eastern Asia until the 3rd century CE. Legend has it that the bride of a king of the Khotan oasis in far western China on the Silk Road smuggled silkworms and mulberry seeds to her new home and husband. By the 6th century, Khotan had a thriving silk production business. The Divine Insect In addition to the tale of the bride, there are myriad of myths associated with silkworms and weaving. For example, a study on 7th century CE rituals in Nara, Japan by Shinto religion scholar Michael Como found that silk weaving was tied to kingship and courtly romance. The legends appear to have arisen in mainland China, and are likely related to the silkworms lifecycle in which it exhibits an ability to die and be reborn into a totally different form.   The ritual calendar at Nara included festivals tied to the deities known as the Weaver Maiden and other goddesses, shamans, and female immortals represented as weaving maidens. In the 8th century CE, a miraculous omen is said to have occurred, a silkworm cocoon with a message—16 jeweled characters—woven into its surface, prophesying long life for the empress and peace in the realm. In the Nara museum, a benevolent silk moth deity is illustrated, one who works to expel plague demons in the 12th century CE. Part of the Extermination of Evil set of five hanging scrolls depicting benevolent deities who expel demons of plague, dated to the Kamakura period 12th century CE. The Divine Insect is an euphemism for the silkworm which takes the form of a moth here. Nara National Museum. VCG Wilson / Corbis Historical / Getty Images Sequencing the Silkworm A draft genome sequence for silkworms was released in 2004, and at least three re-sequences have followed, discovering genetic evidence that the domestic silkworm has lost between 33–49% of its nucleotide diversity compared to the wild silkworm. The insect has 28 chromosomes, 18,510 genes, and over 1,000 genetic markers. Bombyx has an estimated 432 Mb genome size, much larger than fruit flies, making the silkworm an ideal study for geneticists, particularly those interested in the insect order Lepidoptera. Lepidoptera includes some of the most disruptive agricultural pests on our planet, and geneticists hope to learn about the order to understand and combat the impact of silkworms dangerous cousins. In 2009, an open-access database of the silkworms genome biology called SilkDB was published. Genetic Studies Chinese geneticists Shao-Yu Yang and colleagues (2014) have found DNA evidence suggesting that the silkworm domestication process may have begun as long ago as 7,500 years, and continued to around 4,000 years ago. At that time, silkworms experienced a bottleneck, losing much of its nucleotide diversity. Archaeological evidence does not currently support such a long domestication history, but the bottleneck date is similar to dates proposed for initial domestication of food crops. Another group of Chinese geneticists (Hui Xiang and colleagues 2013) has identified an expansion of silkworm population about 1,000 years ago, during the Chinese Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE). Researchers suggest that may have been associated with the Song Dynasty Green Revolution in agriculture, predating Norman Borlaugs experiments by 950 years. Selected Sources Bender, Ross. Changing the Calendar Royal Political Theology and the Suppression of the Tachibana Naramaro Conspiracy of 757. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 37.2 (2010): 223–45. Como, Michael. Silkworms and Consorts in Nara Japan. Asian Folklore Studies 64.1 (2005): 111–31. Print.Deng H, Zhang J, Li Y, Zheng S, Liu L, Huang L, Xu W-H, Palli SR, and Feng Q. 2012. POU and Abd-A proteins regulate the transcription of pupal genes during metamorphosis of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(31):12598-12603. Duan J, Li R, Cheng D, Fan W, Zha X, Cheng T, Wu Y, Wang J, Mita K, Xiang Z et al. 2010. SilkDB v2.0: a platform for silkworm (Bombyx mori) genome biology. Nucleic Acids Research  38 (Database Issue): D453-456. Russell E. 2017. Spinning their way into history: Silkworms, mulberries and manufacturing landscapes in China. Global Environment 10(1):21-53. Sun W, Yu H, Shen Y, Banno Y, Xiang Z, and Zhang Z. 2012. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the silkworm. Science China Life Sciences 55(6):483-496.Xiang H, Li X, Dai F, Xu X, Tan A, Chen L, Zhang G, Ding Y, Li Q, Lian J et al. 2013. Comparative methylomics between domesticated and wild silkworms implies possible epigenetic influences on silkworm domestication. BMC Genomics 14(1):646.Xiong Z. 2014. The Hepu Han tombs and the maritime Silk Road of the Han Dynasty. Antiquity 88(342):1229-1243.Yang S-Y, Han M-J, Kang L-F, Li Z-W, Shen Y-H, and Zhang Z. 2014. Demographic history and gene flow during silkworm domestication. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14(1):185.Zhu, Ya-Nan, et al. Artificial Selection on Storage Protein 1 Possibly Contributes to Increase of Hatchability During Silkworm Domestication. PLOS Genetics 15.1 (2019): e1007616. Print.

Reason why People Watch Reality TV Shows - 1283 Words

Have you ever wondered why people are so addicted to watching their favorite shows on TV? Have you ever wondered why reality TV is so popular? This paper is an explanation of why large numbers of people watch reality TV shows. Proof and facts will be provided showing that reality TV provides entertainment, inspiration, the stirring of emotions, vicarious living, and a substitute for social life for many who watch. Here are a few examples of these statements. One of the main reasons for watching reality TV is to provide people with entertainment. To an extent, the majority of society has a desire to explore what goes on in the world around them. People like watching drama that occurs on public television. â€Å"Insults, temper tantrums,†¦show more content†¦The show featured a family, The Louds, who volunteered to let PBS film their lives for seven months. During this time the Louds encountered many difficulties† (Pontius). Back when â€Å"American Family† was shown on television, there were surely a large number of viewers who were going through some of the same, or somewhat similar, difficulties with their own families, and probably felt sympathetic for the Louds Family in their time of hardships. These shows can also motivate one to become better at something. For instance, when watching the Louds on â€Å"American Family†, the millions of viewers were more than likely motivated to become more close to the ir families after seeing what they went through. If you have a passion for singing, and you see someone perform badly on â€Å"American Idol†, you will probably want to do some extra vocal preparation, to insure that you will not have those same bad experiences later. The final reason that people are so obsessed with watching reality television is that some people have a lack of a social life. Some people think that they don’t need to have a large variety of friends as long as they have the ability to entertain themselves. It is like as long as they have Snooki, the Kardashians, or Dr. Phil, there is really no need to bother leaving the house. They may fear having a social life, due to what they see on television. Although some of that could be a result of paranoia, but some people would notShow MoreRelatedFrom the way we talk, to the way we act, to the way we dress, reality TV has a very strong600 Words   |  3 PagesFrom the way we talk, to the way we act, to the way we dress, reality TV has a very strong influence on the way we do it all. We watch everything from the typical TLC shows like long island medium, and 19 kids and counting, to all the competition shows like big brother, and the X factor and everything in between. Most of us watch it just for entertainment purposes because for some odd reason we find it so interesting to watch random celebrities do everything even if it’s just going out for lunchRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Tv Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages People watch media for different reasons. Reality TV is a common source of entertainment on various channels and media outlets. The purpose of reality TV is to â€Å"promise more drama, suspense, and laughter while pushing the envelope of what is morally and socially acceptable, funny, and, of course entertaining† (Glouner et al.). This type of media allows real people to connect to those on TV. Reality is not completely real, there are aspects of it that are scripted, rehearsed and completely alteredRead MoreInformative Speech Reality Tv Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagesgathering to watch the latest episode of Jersey Shore. No educational value, no way of stimulating the brain However is increasingly popular Season 2 was the #1 television series in the p-12-34 demo for summer 2010 and posted increasing growth every week Has a soundtrack, sticker book, wall calendar, bobble head dolls, shirts, water bottles, and even a book titled â€Å"Gym, Tanning, Laundry: The Official Jersey Shore Quote Book.† (â€Å"Jersey Shore†) So where did this idea of reality TV come fromRead MoreReality TV Research1402 Words   |  6 PagesReality TV Research Why is that reality TV shows instead of encouraging, end up discouraging someone? The whole purpose of being a part of a TV show is try to win because you feel confident in what you are competing for. However in shows such as Americas Next Top Model the judges seek for the contestants flaws and point them out. According to Jennifer Pozner’s â€Å"Ghetto Bitches, China Dolls, Cha Cha Divas† reality shows contradict themselves. Pozner points out that a contestant was asked what sheRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television936 Words   |  4 PagesThe reality show phenomenon Have you ever wondered what attracts millions of Americans each week to watch this cultural phenomenon know as reality television? It first started in 1948 when Allen Funt created a TV series called Candid Camera, this is the first known reality television show series. â€Å"Reality television episodes have increased up to 57% of all television shows that can be found on your TV guides† (Shocking). Big Brother was one of the first successful and most viewed reality televisionRead MoreHaving Regulations On Reality T.V.1083 Words   |  5 Pagesto whether there should be regulations on reality tv shows or not It would be a positive gesture to hold regulations on reality tv. Although having regulations on reality tv limits violence, decreases bad ratings, and makes the show more family oriented, it can make the show less intriguing because it wouldn’t be as melodramatic, it wouldn’t be real if it had rules, and it limits the freedom of the people on the show. According to Shannon Kelly, reality television has the worst reputation of anyRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television991 Words   |  4 Pageseither to see the news, watch a movie, series or any program we would like to watch. Television give us a different and visually perfect way of entertainment. Reality television is a genre of television which seems to be unscripted showing actions of â€Å"real life†. The viewer sees the reality shows for entertainment but neither the pressure, competitiveness nor loneliness that lives in imagines. To be real -time and people- admiration from viewers, thinking that if they can do it, why not the viewer? TheirRead MoreReality Tv1076 Words   |  5 Pagesmedia, reality TV stars like Snooki and Kim Kardashian are on the rise. Most channels on television have at least one reality show, from following housewives to remodeling homes of real life families. However, there are some reality programs that display bad examples, especially for young audiences that are keeping up with each episode. On MTV people see girls being drunk in public, addicts doing drugs, and young girls raising babies at young ages; these are situations seen on reality TV shows. JeremyRead MoreEverything Bad Is Good for You (Essay)1660 Words   |  7 Pagesgames and watching TV shows are beneficial types of popular culture. Conventional wisdom would argue that new media is a bad in fluence and that the only way to be intelligent is by reading. In the book Everything Bad is Good For You, author Steven Johnson, argues that even though our popular culture seems to get dumber, it is actually getting smarter. Johnson proves his arguments by comparing and explaining the benefits of the complexity of modern video games, television shows, and movies that requireRead MoreReality Tv : Should We Really Watch?1194 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle Reality TV: Should We Really Watch? Elizabeth Larkins argues with the integrity of the genre of reality TV shows. She describes how watching one’s embarrassment or pain on TV and finding it humorous is wrong morally and mentally. Larkins describes how reality TV all began with one of the oldest reality shows â€Å"Candid Camera.† This show would broadcast hidden cameras of people in embarrassing or painful situations. It was a huge success, which ultimately started the popularity of the reality genre

Music Essay Summary Example For Students

Music Essay Summary When someone focuses on a certain type of music it tends to change the social manners such as dressing, attitude and even different way of speaking. Everything is caused by the effect of music, and we see it every day in society. In my case, I did change a lot of old habits and, many friends as a result of making me see life from another perspective. Just passing a couple of years I was still young and very open minded that at that time I got bored of listening always the same things and the same meaning of the songs. I started listen a variety of genres of music such as pop, rock, alternative etc. T finally I found metal at my fourteen years old. Since I heard those guitar solos my life changed completely, I got to say that I felt in loved with the sound of that music. Drastically I started learning how to play the guitar, and learning each song I liked. I also started going to shows and local concerts of my city and I learned a lot about that environment. It made me felt rude, stro ng and excited the experience of music and society on that field. I also appreciate how the meaning of lyrics in metal songs were different that hip-hop and pop songs. Metal teaches about death, and anger. On the other hand hip-hop teaches about life, poverty, and gangsters. In fact, every different genre of music has its own type of lyrics and meanings. Also the same sounds and rhythms within the music makes you feel in a certain mood such as sad, anger, happy, excited etc. For each individual, music has a different purpose and meaning. In my life and now in the actuality I had learn about a lot of different genres and styles, because being an open minded person brings you to new worlds in terms of music, and different feelings and thoughts whenever you heard something. I also have to say that music as a lot of functions in my life, because as a musician I can appreciate music different, in fact, I do always pay attention at the rhythm, tones and times of a song each time a listen to something. Back on my old days I used to take very seriously my music styles and way of thinking that made it me change my dressing, and do things related to that environment. Nowadays as I been acquiring more maturing I am not a pride person that lives for a style or a unique social group. I am a musician and I love every different type of music including also electro, dub step, Indies and a variety of efferent genres. I love the sounds, the tones, and messages because each song Music Essay By Anastasia feel something different either for good or bad. Music is freedom, it is open your mind to the universe and explore. Since the beginning of history music has been always important in all areas such as cultural, society and even religion. We can say for instance, how some meanings of songs talks about peace, love, and happiness, and on the other hand we can see songs that talks about death, anger and destruction. The point is that the values of music are free and open to any type or roof of people. It has a cultural pattern because of the way that different countries listen to different kinds of music and use of instruments. We can say is also influenced in the religious aspect because usually on churches we appreciate praises to God what in other words would be songs with the message of that certain religion. The key is that the world gets identified by music and that in every different places of the world someone feels or shares your same thoughts when listening to something. In conclusion the power of music goes more forward of what we think. .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .postImageUrl , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:hover , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:visited , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:active { border:0!important; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:active , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Fascination of Pop Music EssayEveryday music is growing up and evolving with new genres and styles but, the feelings and emotions will be always the same. In fact, the content of a song will be always composed of the same structure such as the rhythm, the tone and the message. Being an open minded person and listening to different kinds of music will make you understand and comprehend different cultures, and social groups. Finally, feel free to listen and love music, because music is an art and a passion. Music is universal and music was made for you and me to love it, explore it, and finally to enjoy it.

Maslows Hierarchy Theory Of Motivation Case Study -Free Sample

Question: Demonstrate how management structures are influenced by the size of a company and the technology it employs, and how control procedures are an important corollary of management delegation.? Are You Daunted by the Thought of Due Assignments? Avail Our Services and Receive Assignment Help from Experts. Determine the management problems arising from organisational change and how these might be mitigated.? Answer: Introduction: Every organization needs motivation theory because it helps employees to work together to achieve the objectives of an organization (Kamasheva et al., 2015). Below reveal some motivational theories which are very much implement by all alleged organization. The two motivational theories will work with different factors of organization and help the organization to develop the success of the companies and improve the performance of the employees so that they produce professionally along with the expansion of the company (Friederichs et al., 2015). Lots of organizations use these theories to bring improve in their organization and also help to recognize the environment of the organization. Firstly every organization wants to satisfy the basic needs to the needs for the success of every individual and for the better results organization want to use this model (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Under motivation different type of theories are introduced like: Maslows hierarchy theory of motivation.Herzbergs two factor theory.Vrooms theory.McClellands theory. Motivation is very important element for improving the work productivity, reward system, firm understanding of how to narrate the job satisfaction. In motivation managers role is to induce each and every individual behavior and action toward accomplishment of some objectives. The main purpose of this review is to see the overview of two theories which explain motivation in the work place and also addressed the factor that say about the job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Under these motivational theories three qualities are included: it determines the direction of action, it focuses on internal forces and last it energises for action. Maslows hierarchy theory of motivation: Abraham Maslow is an American psychologist, one of his article were he mention the Maslows hierarchy theory to desire (Taormina and Gao, 2013). He wants to identify what constitute positive mental health and happiness, not just the mind illness and unhappiness. Maslow was hence motivated to start a complete new movement in psychology a third waves, which he call humanistic psychology (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Figure: Hierarchy of needs (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). In this figure he describe the different needs of human psychology are the following: Physiological needs- its a basic needs which include food, water, rest etc. Safety needs- The safety needs work mainly on psychological needs. Of course we try to keep away from a poke in the eyes with a sharp stick. But formerly we manage a confident level of physical comfort; it helps to set up stability and constancy in a chaotic world. Security and human security are come under this type of needs (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Love and belongingness needs- this come after psychological and safety needs. Once a want has been significantly content over a long period of time it becomes functionally absent. Under these friends, intimate relationship is there (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Esteem needs- under this self esteem plays a vital role, David McClelland called this type of esteems is needs for esteem. McClelland assume that individual disparity in needs is tied to character, and they transform slowly if at all. Prestige and feeling of achievement are the part of self esteem. Self-actualization- Maslow describe this need as the want to become more and more what one is, to develop into everything that individual is capable of becoming. Under this achieving ones full potential, including creative activities etc are the part of self- actualization (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). In his theory he mention hierarchy of needs, its a model in which he attempt to confine these different levels of human motivation. It represents the design that human beings are propel into action by different motivating factor at different period self fulfillment needs psychological needs and basic needs (Wu, 2011). In his theories the hierarchical arrangement is not intended to mean that the persons who pay attention on higher needs are someway better than those people who pay attention on lower needs. According to this it simply means unless and until if the person will not satisfied their lower need they will not satisfied their higher needs too (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Like for example if the person is suffering from hunger and cold, then they dont have the time to concern about their self esteem because that time there focuses on foods (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Maslow planned, what he use to identify creditable people like Eleanor Roosevelt, Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, and Frederick Douglass comparatively than fearful people or mentality condition, whereas inscription underdeveloped, untrained, the lecture of crippled and harmful specimen can give way only a cripple psychology (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Maslow considered the healthiest 1% of the college academic community (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Maslow's theory was completely expressed in his 1954 degree ofpersonality and motivation.The sequence relics a very well-known arrangement insociologystudy, association training. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is commonly portrayed in a shape of a pyramid, which mostly necessary levels of wants at the downward and the necessities forself-actualizationat the peak. Similarly the pyramid has revolved away in facto form to distinguish the hierarchy. In Maslows theory the most vital four level of pyramid which include what Maslow used to called deficiency needs because it represent self esteem, love, security, etc. if this requirements are not introduce or not accomplished with the elimination of the main primary condition- then human being feel worried and strained in work place. This theory suggests the basic needs what human being want in their life, and with the help of this stages human being will fulfill their needs. Maslow also suggested or introduced a new term name metamotivation, which explain how to inspire people at workplace and help the people to go additional than the level of the necessary requirements and go all- out for usual betterment (Kohte, 2015). Herzbergs theory: Herzbergs two factors theory of motivation is also known as hygiene theory or dual factor theory (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). This theory is somehow related to Maslows hierarchy of needs. Frederick Herzbergs think that it is connected to satisfy or dissatisfies for workers at workplace (Herzberg, 2009). Herzberg called this factor in job satisfaction as motivators and factors that present disappointment as hygiene (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). Figure: Herzbergs Hygiene and Motivational Factors (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015)v. Motivational are things which allocate psychological maturity and enlargement in the work. This theory is somehow connected to self-actualization. Hygiene, while useful in an efficient way which will prevent dissatisfaction and if it will useful in a poor way then it can result in to negative sensation in the work. Herzbergs introduce two steps: Eliminate job dissatisfaction: Under this Herzbergs introduce hygiene factors which cause dissatisfaction to the employees, They fixed poor and disruptive company outline. Offer efficient and non disturbing management, create and hold a society of esteem and self-respect for all team members, ensure them that wages are competitive (Giorgi, Shoss and Leon-Perez, 2015). Create condition for job satisfaction: to satisfy their employee Herzbergs say that they need to address the motivating factors which are associated with work. It is kind of job enrichment. Every job should be examined and determine how it could be done in better way and how to satisfy the person who ar doing the work (Tabvuma, Georgellis and Lange, 2015). For the employees they provide opportunities for achievement, recognizing their working condition, creating works that is rewarding and which match the skills and abilities of the workers, by providing them much more responsibility to each team member as possible, offer them a training and development opportunities so that people can pursue the position they want within the company (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). An assessment of the techniques used to implement each of these theories to a real life organization of your choice: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslows theory of motivation represents a pyramid. Pyramid consider five types of needs which include self-actualization, self esteem, social needs, safety need and last is physical needs (Poorsheikhali and Alavi, 2013). Each of these includes various needs which and person attain. First one start with food, shelter, drinks and at the end it includes self-actualization need. This type of needs is necessary which individual wants in their life, by using these theories human being fulfillment their needs. Maslows theory have also been largely criticize since the theorist believed that needs can be satisfied accordingly, single set of need is fulfilled first then only the other set of needs will fulfilled (Stone and Lukaszewski, 2009). For example, organization which follow Maslows theory of needs are Virgin Media, they use this theory of needs to encourage their employees (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). Organization contain a framework for their employee career progression named as Your story framework (McPherson, 2014), which consist of everyday meeting to evaluate their evolution , and also discuss about the performance and development strategy which is the key success of their employees career and provide facilities to improve their professional life (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). This also helps in the growth of an organization. Virgin Media includes some steps which will help the employees to ensure uniformity and do justice to satisfy the needs of pyramid. The company considers that if the working atmosphere is goods and friendly will help the employees motivated toward their work and help them to give their best (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Herzbergs Theory: Real life organization which use this theory are TESCO, its a British MNC company deals with universal merchandise and grocery. TESCO comes under the second largest company in revenue and third largest in retailer. Tesco has many stores across 12 countries including Asia and Europe, were as grocery market leader in the UK, the republic of Ireland, Malaysia, Thailand and Hungary. In the year 1919 Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls which was expanded rapidly and over 100 Tesco stores across the country in the years of 1939. The company admits that behind their successful is employees work, they keep on motivating their employees to give their best so that they dont diverge from their position in the marketplace. The company knows that if employees are happy and motivate, then no one can stop them to earn profits (Kim and Hallsworth, 2015). Under this Herzbergs define a model which states to facilitate certain factor which are motivated and satisfy the workers on opposing some other factor like hygiene, and hygienic creates dissatisfactions if workers are absent (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). If this factor are recover than disappointment might be disallowed on the other hand improvement factor will not motivate the employee alone (Barnes, 2011). Frederick Herzbergs showed in their theories how to motivate employee, they think that motivate an employee truly help the organization and it will help to create company needs while making employees feel happy in the workplace (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). With the help of this hygiene factors TESCO motivate their employees. It allows the employees by provide appropriate and suitable communication, and also involve workers in the decision making procedure and delegate accountability. It organize forum every day where workers will be a part of the conversation and opinion on pay rise. It shows the credit of work TESCO people do and company also give rewards to their employees. TESCO Company gives an opportunity to their employee to decide what will be the restaurant menu, by this employees get motivated and capable to make selection which will enlarge and increase their use in the restaurant. TESCO also give opportunities to their managers and their workers to receive a huge attention and divide in their exacting employment (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Figure: Two-Factor theory of motivation. Demonstrate and determine the effectiveness of the implementation of these theories at these organizations In this the above motivational theories are explained and help the organization with positive results. Motivation leads to boost in employee fulfillment which revolves lead to higher efficiency and profit maximization (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). Begin with the Virgin Media to TESCO; performance of the individual above mention in the theories has improved employee satisfaction (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). According to the current survey on employee satisfaction in which employees of the company give their opinion on why they dont want to leave their organization. In Virgin media company employee want to work with them more because they think that company fulfillment their needs as per they want (Furnham, Eracleous and Chamorro Premuzic, 2009). They also say that company keep on motivate them by providing some benefit which will help them to work more in that company. Employees think that in this company salary which are provided to t hem are very profitable and also working environment are good which they like it. Another company is TESCO which help the employee to get motivated by using Herzbergs two factor theories (Werbel and Balkin, 2010). Company trained their employee well in the organization so that they do their work well and come up with the positive results, which will help them to satisfy their customers. They focus more on motivators part which will prevent dissatisfaction in hygiene. In this organization recognition and reward in time are the two factors of employees dissatisfaction (Amaratunga and Baldry, 2002). Recommendations as to how the implementation of these techniques could be improved in the future at your chosen organization: First theories which are explained here is Maslows Theories, with the help of this theories many companies come up with the broad choice to satisfy their employees and moreover enlarged the productivity of the company. The company Virgin Media should look at the other side of these theories of needs, in this the company are more focused on self-actualization needs and physical needs. The company should see overall side so that they put balance between the levels of pyramid (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). Another one is Herzbergs two factor model under these company name is TESCO, TESCO more focus on enhancing employees skills and knowledge, instead of focusing on employees skills they should focus on more on hygiene factors. 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