The Ancient History of Silk Making and Silkworms

Silkworms (incorrectly spelled silk worms) are the larval form of the domesticated silk moth, Bombyx mori. The silk moth was domesticated in its native habitat of northern China from its wild cousin Bombyx mandarina, a cousin which still survives today. Archaeological evidence suggests that occurred about 3500 BCE. Key Takeaways: Silk Worms Silkworms are the larvae from silk moths (Bombyx mori).  They produce silk fibers—water-insoluble filament from glands—to create cocoons; humans simply unravel the cocoons back into strings.  Domesticated silkworms tolerate human handling and massive crowding and are totally dependent on humans for survival.Silk fibers were used to make clothing by the Longshan period (3500–2000 BCE). The fabric we call silk is made from the long thin fibers produced by the silkworm during its larval stage. The insects intent is to create a cocoon for its transformation into the moth form. Silkworm workers simply unravel the cocoons, each cocoon producing between 325–1,000 feet (100–300 meters) of fine, very strong thread. Worker unwinding and reeling silk cocoons in factory. kjekol / iStock / Getty Images People today make fabrics from the fibers produced by at least 25 different species of wild and domesticated butterflies and moths in the order Lepidoptera. Two versions of wild silkworm are exploited by silk manufacturers today, B. mandarina in China and far eastern Russia; and one in Japan and southern Korea called Japanese B. mandarina. The largest silk industry today is in India, followed by China and Japan, and more than 1,000 inbred strains of silkworms are kept worldwide today. What is Silk? Silk fibers are water-insoluble filaments that animals (chiefly the larval version of moths and butterflies, but also spiders) secrete from specialized glands. Animals store the chemicals fibroin and sericin—silkworm cultivation is often called sericulture—as gels in the insects glands. As the gels are excreted, they are converted into fibers. Spiders and at least 18 different orders of insects make silk. Some use them to construct nests and burrows, but butterflies and moths use the excretions to spin cocoons. That ability that began at least 250 million years ago. The silkworm caterpillar feeds exclusively on the leaves from several species of mulberry (Morus), which contain a latex with very high concentrations of alkaloid sugars. Those sugars are toxic to other caterpillars and herbivores; silkworms have evolved to tolerate those toxins. Domestication History Silkworms are today completely dependent on humans for survival, a direct result of artificial selection. Other characteristics bred into the domestic silkworm caterpillar are a tolerance for human proximity and handling as well as for excessive crowding. Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of cocoons of the silkworm species Bombyx to produce cloth began at least as early as the Longshan period (3500–2000 BCE), and perhaps earlier. Evidence of silk from this period is known from a few remnant textile fragments recovered from well-preserved tombs. Chinese historical records such as the Shi Ji report silk production and depict garments. Archaeological Evidence The Western Zhou Dynasty (11th–8th centuries BCE) saw the development of early silk brocades. Many silk textile examples have been recovered from archaeological excavations of Mashan and Baoshan sites, dated to the Chu Kingdom (7th century BCE) of the later Warring States period. Silk products and silkworm-rearing technologies came to play a critical role in Chinese trade networks and in the interaction of cultures among different countries. By the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–9 CE), silk production was so important to international trade that the camel caravan trails used to connect ChangAn with Europe were named the Silk Road. Silkworm technology spread to Korea and Japan about 200 BCE. Europe was introduced to silk products through the Silk Road network, but the secret of silk fiber production remained unknown outside of eastern Asia until the 3rd century CE. Legend has it that the bride of a king of the Khotan oasis in far western China on the Silk Road smuggled silkworms and mulberry seeds to her new home and husband. By the 6th century, Khotan had a thriving silk production business. The Divine Insect In addition to the tale of the bride, there are myriad of myths associated with silkworms and weaving. For example, a study on 7th century CE rituals in Nara, Japan by Shinto religion scholar Michael Como found that silk weaving was tied to kingship and courtly romance. The legends appear to have arisen in mainland China, and are likely related to the silkworms lifecycle in which it exhibits an ability to die and be reborn into a totally different form.   The ritual calendar at Nara included festivals tied to the deities known as the Weaver Maiden and other goddesses, shamans, and female immortals represented as weaving maidens. In the 8th century CE, a miraculous omen is said to have occurred, a silkworm cocoon with a message—16 jeweled characters—woven into its surface, prophesying long life for the empress and peace in the realm. In the Nara museum, a benevolent silk moth deity is illustrated, one who works to expel plague demons in the 12th century CE. Part of the Extermination of Evil set of five hanging scrolls depicting benevolent deities who expel demons of plague, dated to the Kamakura period 12th century CE. The Divine Insect is an euphemism for the silkworm which takes the form of a moth here. Nara National Museum. VCG Wilson / Corbis Historical / Getty Images Sequencing the Silkworm A draft genome sequence for silkworms was released in 2004, and at least three re-sequences have followed, discovering genetic evidence that the domestic silkworm has lost between 33–49% of its nucleotide diversity compared to the wild silkworm. The insect has 28 chromosomes, 18,510 genes, and over 1,000 genetic markers. Bombyx has an estimated 432 Mb genome size, much larger than fruit flies, making the silkworm an ideal study for geneticists, particularly those interested in the insect order Lepidoptera. Lepidoptera includes some of the most disruptive agricultural pests on our planet, and geneticists hope to learn about the order to understand and combat the impact of silkworms dangerous cousins. In 2009, an open-access database of the silkworms genome biology called SilkDB was published. Genetic Studies Chinese geneticists Shao-Yu Yang and colleagues (2014) have found DNA evidence suggesting that the silkworm domestication process may have begun as long ago as 7,500 years, and continued to around 4,000 years ago. At that time, silkworms experienced a bottleneck, losing much of its nucleotide diversity. Archaeological evidence does not currently support such a long domestication history, but the bottleneck date is similar to dates proposed for initial domestication of food crops. Another group of Chinese geneticists (Hui Xiang and colleagues 2013) has identified an expansion of silkworm population about 1,000 years ago, during the Chinese Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE). Researchers suggest that may have been associated with the Song Dynasty Green Revolution in agriculture, predating Norman Borlaugs experiments by 950 years. Selected Sources Bender, Ross. Changing the Calendar Royal Political Theology and the Suppression of the Tachibana Naramaro Conspiracy of 757. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 37.2 (2010): 223–45. Como, Michael. Silkworms and Consorts in Nara Japan. Asian Folklore Studies 64.1 (2005): 111–31. Print.Deng H, Zhang J, Li Y, Zheng S, Liu L, Huang L, Xu W-H, Palli SR, and Feng Q. 2012. POU and Abd-A proteins regulate the transcription of pupal genes during metamorphosis of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(31):12598-12603. Duan J, Li R, Cheng D, Fan W, Zha X, Cheng T, Wu Y, Wang J, Mita K, Xiang Z et al. 2010. SilkDB v2.0: a platform for silkworm (Bombyx mori) genome biology. Nucleic Acids Research  38 (Database Issue): D453-456. Russell E. 2017. Spinning their way into history: Silkworms, mulberries and manufacturing landscapes in China. Global Environment 10(1):21-53. Sun W, Yu H, Shen Y, Banno Y, Xiang Z, and Zhang Z. 2012. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the silkworm. Science China Life Sciences 55(6):483-496.Xiang H, Li X, Dai F, Xu X, Tan A, Chen L, Zhang G, Ding Y, Li Q, Lian J et al. 2013. Comparative methylomics between domesticated and wild silkworms implies possible epigenetic influences on silkworm domestication. BMC Genomics 14(1):646.Xiong Z. 2014. The Hepu Han tombs and the maritime Silk Road of the Han Dynasty. Antiquity 88(342):1229-1243.Yang S-Y, Han M-J, Kang L-F, Li Z-W, Shen Y-H, and Zhang Z. 2014. Demographic history and gene flow during silkworm domestication. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14(1):185.Zhu, Ya-Nan, et al. Artificial Selection on Storage Protein 1 Possibly Contributes to Increase of Hatchability During Silkworm Domestication. PLOS Genetics 15.1 (2019): e1007616. Print.

Reason why People Watch Reality TV Shows - 1283 Words

Have you ever wondered why people are so addicted to watching their favorite shows on TV? Have you ever wondered why reality TV is so popular? This paper is an explanation of why large numbers of people watch reality TV shows. Proof and facts will be provided showing that reality TV provides entertainment, inspiration, the stirring of emotions, vicarious living, and a substitute for social life for many who watch. Here are a few examples of these statements. One of the main reasons for watching reality TV is to provide people with entertainment. To an extent, the majority of society has a desire to explore what goes on in the world around them. People like watching drama that occurs on public television. â€Å"Insults, temper tantrums,†¦show more content†¦The show featured a family, The Louds, who volunteered to let PBS film their lives for seven months. During this time the Louds encountered many difficulties† (Pontius). Back when â€Å"American Family† was shown on television, there were surely a large number of viewers who were going through some of the same, or somewhat similar, difficulties with their own families, and probably felt sympathetic for the Louds Family in their time of hardships. These shows can also motivate one to become better at something. For instance, when watching the Louds on â€Å"American Family†, the millions of viewers were more than likely motivated to become more close to the ir families after seeing what they went through. If you have a passion for singing, and you see someone perform badly on â€Å"American Idol†, you will probably want to do some extra vocal preparation, to insure that you will not have those same bad experiences later. The final reason that people are so obsessed with watching reality television is that some people have a lack of a social life. Some people think that they don’t need to have a large variety of friends as long as they have the ability to entertain themselves. It is like as long as they have Snooki, the Kardashians, or Dr. Phil, there is really no need to bother leaving the house. They may fear having a social life, due to what they see on television. Although some of that could be a result of paranoia, but some people would notShow MoreRelatedFrom the way we talk, to the way we act, to the way we dress, reality TV has a very strong600 Words   |  3 PagesFrom the way we talk, to the way we act, to the way we dress, reality TV has a very strong influence on the way we do it all. We watch everything from the typical TLC shows like long island medium, and 19 kids and counting, to all the competition shows like big brother, and the X factor and everything in between. Most of us watch it just for entertainment purposes because for some odd reason we find it so interesting to watch random celebrities do everything even if it’s just going out for lunchRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Tv Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages People watch media for different reasons. Reality TV is a common source of entertainment on various channels and media outlets. The purpose of reality TV is to â€Å"promise more drama, suspense, and laughter while pushing the envelope of what is morally and socially acceptable, funny, and, of course entertaining† (Glouner et al.). This type of media allows real people to connect to those on TV. Reality is not completely real, there are aspects of it that are scripted, rehearsed and completely alteredRead MoreInformative Speech Reality Tv Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagesgathering to watch the latest episode of Jersey Shore. No educational value, no way of stimulating the brain However is increasingly popular Season 2 was the #1 television series in the p-12-34 demo for summer 2010 and posted increasing growth every week Has a soundtrack, sticker book, wall calendar, bobble head dolls, shirts, water bottles, and even a book titled â€Å"Gym, Tanning, Laundry: The Official Jersey Shore Quote Book.† (â€Å"Jersey Shore†) So where did this idea of reality TV come fromRead MoreReality TV Research1402 Words   |  6 PagesReality TV Research Why is that reality TV shows instead of encouraging, end up discouraging someone? The whole purpose of being a part of a TV show is try to win because you feel confident in what you are competing for. However in shows such as Americas Next Top Model the judges seek for the contestants flaws and point them out. According to Jennifer Pozner’s â€Å"Ghetto Bitches, China Dolls, Cha Cha Divas† reality shows contradict themselves. Pozner points out that a contestant was asked what sheRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television936 Words   |  4 PagesThe reality show phenomenon Have you ever wondered what attracts millions of Americans each week to watch this cultural phenomenon know as reality television? It first started in 1948 when Allen Funt created a TV series called Candid Camera, this is the first known reality television show series. â€Å"Reality television episodes have increased up to 57% of all television shows that can be found on your TV guides† (Shocking). Big Brother was one of the first successful and most viewed reality televisionRead MoreHaving Regulations On Reality T.V.1083 Words   |  5 Pagesto whether there should be regulations on reality tv shows or not It would be a positive gesture to hold regulations on reality tv. Although having regulations on reality tv limits violence, decreases bad ratings, and makes the show more family oriented, it can make the show less intriguing because it wouldn’t be as melodramatic, it wouldn’t be real if it had rules, and it limits the freedom of the people on the show. According to Shannon Kelly, reality television has the worst reputation of anyRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television991 Words   |  4 Pageseither to see the news, watch a movie, series or any program we would like to watch. Television give us a different and visually perfect way of entertainment. Reality television is a genre of television which seems to be unscripted showing actions of â€Å"real life†. The viewer sees the reality shows for entertainment but neither the pressure, competitiveness nor loneliness that lives in imagines. To be real -time and people- admiration from viewers, thinking that if they can do it, why not the viewer? TheirRead MoreReality Tv1076 Words   |  5 Pagesmedia, reality TV stars like Snooki and Kim Kardashian are on the rise. Most channels on television have at least one reality show, from following housewives to remodeling homes of real life families. However, there are some reality programs that display bad examples, especially for young audiences that are keeping up with each episode. On MTV people see girls being drunk in public, addicts doing drugs, and young girls raising babies at young ages; these are situations seen on reality TV shows. JeremyRead MoreEverything Bad Is Good for You (Essay)1660 Words   |  7 Pagesgames and watching TV shows are beneficial types of popular culture. Conventional wisdom would argue that new media is a bad in fluence and that the only way to be intelligent is by reading. In the book Everything Bad is Good For You, author Steven Johnson, argues that even though our popular culture seems to get dumber, it is actually getting smarter. Johnson proves his arguments by comparing and explaining the benefits of the complexity of modern video games, television shows, and movies that requireRead MoreReality Tv : Should We Really Watch?1194 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle Reality TV: Should We Really Watch? Elizabeth Larkins argues with the integrity of the genre of reality TV shows. She describes how watching one’s embarrassment or pain on TV and finding it humorous is wrong morally and mentally. Larkins describes how reality TV all began with one of the oldest reality shows â€Å"Candid Camera.† This show would broadcast hidden cameras of people in embarrassing or painful situations. It was a huge success, which ultimately started the popularity of the reality genre

Music Essay Summary Example For Students

Music Essay Summary When someone focuses on a certain type of music it tends to change the social manners such as dressing, attitude and even different way of speaking. Everything is caused by the effect of music, and we see it every day in society. In my case, I did change a lot of old habits and, many friends as a result of making me see life from another perspective. Just passing a couple of years I was still young and very open minded that at that time I got bored of listening always the same things and the same meaning of the songs. I started listen a variety of genres of music such as pop, rock, alternative etc. T finally I found metal at my fourteen years old. Since I heard those guitar solos my life changed completely, I got to say that I felt in loved with the sound of that music. Drastically I started learning how to play the guitar, and learning each song I liked. I also started going to shows and local concerts of my city and I learned a lot about that environment. It made me felt rude, stro ng and excited the experience of music and society on that field. I also appreciate how the meaning of lyrics in metal songs were different that hip-hop and pop songs. Metal teaches about death, and anger. On the other hand hip-hop teaches about life, poverty, and gangsters. In fact, every different genre of music has its own type of lyrics and meanings. Also the same sounds and rhythms within the music makes you feel in a certain mood such as sad, anger, happy, excited etc. For each individual, music has a different purpose and meaning. In my life and now in the actuality I had learn about a lot of different genres and styles, because being an open minded person brings you to new worlds in terms of music, and different feelings and thoughts whenever you heard something. I also have to say that music as a lot of functions in my life, because as a musician I can appreciate music different, in fact, I do always pay attention at the rhythm, tones and times of a song each time a listen to something. Back on my old days I used to take very seriously my music styles and way of thinking that made it me change my dressing, and do things related to that environment. Nowadays as I been acquiring more maturing I am not a pride person that lives for a style or a unique social group. I am a musician and I love every different type of music including also electro, dub step, Indies and a variety of efferent genres. I love the sounds, the tones, and messages because each song Music Essay By Anastasia feel something different either for good or bad. Music is freedom, it is open your mind to the universe and explore. Since the beginning of history music has been always important in all areas such as cultural, society and even religion. We can say for instance, how some meanings of songs talks about peace, love, and happiness, and on the other hand we can see songs that talks about death, anger and destruction. The point is that the values of music are free and open to any type or roof of people. It has a cultural pattern because of the way that different countries listen to different kinds of music and use of instruments. We can say is also influenced in the religious aspect because usually on churches we appreciate praises to God what in other words would be songs with the message of that certain religion. The key is that the world gets identified by music and that in every different places of the world someone feels or shares your same thoughts when listening to something. In conclusion the power of music goes more forward of what we think. .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .postImageUrl , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:hover , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:visited , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:active { border:0!important; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:active , .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637 .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7c8fc8b47bffaf73c548d5a3bf4b637:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Fascination of Pop Music EssayEveryday music is growing up and evolving with new genres and styles but, the feelings and emotions will be always the same. In fact, the content of a song will be always composed of the same structure such as the rhythm, the tone and the message. Being an open minded person and listening to different kinds of music will make you understand and comprehend different cultures, and social groups. Finally, feel free to listen and love music, because music is an art and a passion. Music is universal and music was made for you and me to love it, explore it, and finally to enjoy it.

Maslows Hierarchy Theory Of Motivation Case Study -Free Sample

Question: Demonstrate how management structures are influenced by the size of a company and the technology it employs, and how control procedures are an important corollary of management delegation.? Are You Daunted by the Thought of Due Assignments? Avail Our Services and Receive Assignment Help from Experts. Determine the management problems arising from organisational change and how these might be mitigated.? Answer: Introduction: Every organization needs motivation theory because it helps employees to work together to achieve the objectives of an organization (Kamasheva et al., 2015). Below reveal some motivational theories which are very much implement by all alleged organization. The two motivational theories will work with different factors of organization and help the organization to develop the success of the companies and improve the performance of the employees so that they produce professionally along with the expansion of the company (Friederichs et al., 2015). Lots of organizations use these theories to bring improve in their organization and also help to recognize the environment of the organization. Firstly every organization wants to satisfy the basic needs to the needs for the success of every individual and for the better results organization want to use this model (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Under motivation different type of theories are introduced like: Maslows hierarchy theory of motivation.Herzbergs two factor theory.Vrooms theory.McClellands theory. Motivation is very important element for improving the work productivity, reward system, firm understanding of how to narrate the job satisfaction. In motivation managers role is to induce each and every individual behavior and action toward accomplishment of some objectives. The main purpose of this review is to see the overview of two theories which explain motivation in the work place and also addressed the factor that say about the job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Under these motivational theories three qualities are included: it determines the direction of action, it focuses on internal forces and last it energises for action. Maslows hierarchy theory of motivation: Abraham Maslow is an American psychologist, one of his article were he mention the Maslows hierarchy theory to desire (Taormina and Gao, 2013). He wants to identify what constitute positive mental health and happiness, not just the mind illness and unhappiness. Maslow was hence motivated to start a complete new movement in psychology a third waves, which he call humanistic psychology (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Figure: Hierarchy of needs (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). In this figure he describe the different needs of human psychology are the following: Physiological needs- its a basic needs which include food, water, rest etc. Safety needs- The safety needs work mainly on psychological needs. Of course we try to keep away from a poke in the eyes with a sharp stick. But formerly we manage a confident level of physical comfort; it helps to set up stability and constancy in a chaotic world. Security and human security are come under this type of needs (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Love and belongingness needs- this come after psychological and safety needs. Once a want has been significantly content over a long period of time it becomes functionally absent. Under these friends, intimate relationship is there (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Esteem needs- under this self esteem plays a vital role, David McClelland called this type of esteems is needs for esteem. McClelland assume that individual disparity in needs is tied to character, and they transform slowly if at all. Prestige and feeling of achievement are the part of self esteem. Self-actualization- Maslow describe this need as the want to become more and more what one is, to develop into everything that individual is capable of becoming. Under this achieving ones full potential, including creative activities etc are the part of self- actualization (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). In his theory he mention hierarchy of needs, its a model in which he attempt to confine these different levels of human motivation. It represents the design that human beings are propel into action by different motivating factor at different period self fulfillment needs psychological needs and basic needs (Wu, 2011). In his theories the hierarchical arrangement is not intended to mean that the persons who pay attention on higher needs are someway better than those people who pay attention on lower needs. According to this it simply means unless and until if the person will not satisfied their lower need they will not satisfied their higher needs too (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Like for example if the person is suffering from hunger and cold, then they dont have the time to concern about their self esteem because that time there focuses on foods (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Maslow planned, what he use to identify creditable people like Eleanor Roosevelt, Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, and Frederick Douglass comparatively than fearful people or mentality condition, whereas inscription underdeveloped, untrained, the lecture of crippled and harmful specimen can give way only a cripple psychology (Pereira, de Campos and Camarini, 2012). Maslow considered the healthiest 1% of the college academic community (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Maslow's theory was completely expressed in his 1954 degree ofpersonality and motivation.The sequence relics a very well-known arrangement insociologystudy, association training. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is commonly portrayed in a shape of a pyramid, which mostly necessary levels of wants at the downward and the necessities forself-actualizationat the peak. Similarly the pyramid has revolved away in facto form to distinguish the hierarchy. In Maslows theory the most vital four level of pyramid which include what Maslow used to called deficiency needs because it represent self esteem, love, security, etc. if this requirements are not introduce or not accomplished with the elimination of the main primary condition- then human being feel worried and strained in work place. This theory suggests the basic needs what human being want in their life, and with the help of this stages human being will fulfill their needs. Maslow also suggested or introduced a new term name metamotivation, which explain how to inspire people at workplace and help the people to go additional than the level of the necessary requirements and go all- out for usual betterment (Kohte, 2015). Herzbergs theory: Herzbergs two factors theory of motivation is also known as hygiene theory or dual factor theory (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). This theory is somehow related to Maslows hierarchy of needs. Frederick Herzbergs think that it is connected to satisfy or dissatisfies for workers at workplace (Herzberg, 2009). Herzberg called this factor in job satisfaction as motivators and factors that present disappointment as hygiene (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). Figure: Herzbergs Hygiene and Motivational Factors (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015)v. Motivational are things which allocate psychological maturity and enlargement in the work. This theory is somehow connected to self-actualization. Hygiene, while useful in an efficient way which will prevent dissatisfaction and if it will useful in a poor way then it can result in to negative sensation in the work. Herzbergs introduce two steps: Eliminate job dissatisfaction: Under this Herzbergs introduce hygiene factors which cause dissatisfaction to the employees, They fixed poor and disruptive company outline. Offer efficient and non disturbing management, create and hold a society of esteem and self-respect for all team members, ensure them that wages are competitive (Giorgi, Shoss and Leon-Perez, 2015). Create condition for job satisfaction: to satisfy their employee Herzbergs say that they need to address the motivating factors which are associated with work. It is kind of job enrichment. Every job should be examined and determine how it could be done in better way and how to satisfy the person who ar doing the work (Tabvuma, Georgellis and Lange, 2015). For the employees they provide opportunities for achievement, recognizing their working condition, creating works that is rewarding and which match the skills and abilities of the workers, by providing them much more responsibility to each team member as possible, offer them a training and development opportunities so that people can pursue the position they want within the company (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). An assessment of the techniques used to implement each of these theories to a real life organization of your choice: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslows theory of motivation represents a pyramid. Pyramid consider five types of needs which include self-actualization, self esteem, social needs, safety need and last is physical needs (Poorsheikhali and Alavi, 2013). Each of these includes various needs which and person attain. First one start with food, shelter, drinks and at the end it includes self-actualization need. This type of needs is necessary which individual wants in their life, by using these theories human being fulfillment their needs. Maslows theory have also been largely criticize since the theorist believed that needs can be satisfied accordingly, single set of need is fulfilled first then only the other set of needs will fulfilled (Stone and Lukaszewski, 2009). For example, organization which follow Maslows theory of needs are Virgin Media, they use this theory of needs to encourage their employees (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). Organization contain a framework for their employee career progression named as Your story framework (McPherson, 2014), which consist of everyday meeting to evaluate their evolution , and also discuss about the performance and development strategy which is the key success of their employees career and provide facilities to improve their professional life (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). This also helps in the growth of an organization. Virgin Media includes some steps which will help the employees to ensure uniformity and do justice to satisfy the needs of pyramid. The company considers that if the working atmosphere is goods and friendly will help the employees motivated toward their work and help them to give their best (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Herzbergs Theory: Real life organization which use this theory are TESCO, its a British MNC company deals with universal merchandise and grocery. TESCO comes under the second largest company in revenue and third largest in retailer. Tesco has many stores across 12 countries including Asia and Europe, were as grocery market leader in the UK, the republic of Ireland, Malaysia, Thailand and Hungary. In the year 1919 Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls which was expanded rapidly and over 100 Tesco stores across the country in the years of 1939. The company admits that behind their successful is employees work, they keep on motivating their employees to give their best so that they dont diverge from their position in the marketplace. The company knows that if employees are happy and motivate, then no one can stop them to earn profits (Kim and Hallsworth, 2015). Under this Herzbergs define a model which states to facilitate certain factor which are motivated and satisfy the workers on opposing some other factor like hygiene, and hygienic creates dissatisfactions if workers are absent (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). If this factor are recover than disappointment might be disallowed on the other hand improvement factor will not motivate the employee alone (Barnes, 2011). Frederick Herzbergs showed in their theories how to motivate employee, they think that motivate an employee truly help the organization and it will help to create company needs while making employees feel happy in the workplace (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). With the help of this hygiene factors TESCO motivate their employees. It allows the employees by provide appropriate and suitable communication, and also involve workers in the decision making procedure and delegate accountability. It organize forum every day where workers will be a part of the conversation and opinion on pay rise. It shows the credit of work TESCO people do and company also give rewards to their employees. TESCO Company gives an opportunity to their employee to decide what will be the restaurant menu, by this employees get motivated and capable to make selection which will enlarge and increase their use in the restaurant. TESCO also give opportunities to their managers and their workers to receive a huge attention and divide in their exacting employment (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). Figure: Two-Factor theory of motivation. Demonstrate and determine the effectiveness of the implementation of these theories at these organizations In this the above motivational theories are explained and help the organization with positive results. Motivation leads to boost in employee fulfillment which revolves lead to higher efficiency and profit maximization (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). Begin with the Virgin Media to TESCO; performance of the individual above mention in the theories has improved employee satisfaction (Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt, 2015). According to the current survey on employee satisfaction in which employees of the company give their opinion on why they dont want to leave their organization. In Virgin media company employee want to work with them more because they think that company fulfillment their needs as per they want (Furnham, Eracleous and Chamorro Premuzic, 2009). They also say that company keep on motivate them by providing some benefit which will help them to work more in that company. Employees think that in this company salary which are provided to t hem are very profitable and also working environment are good which they like it. Another company is TESCO which help the employee to get motivated by using Herzbergs two factor theories (Werbel and Balkin, 2010). Company trained their employee well in the organization so that they do their work well and come up with the positive results, which will help them to satisfy their customers. They focus more on motivators part which will prevent dissatisfaction in hygiene. In this organization recognition and reward in time are the two factors of employees dissatisfaction (Amaratunga and Baldry, 2002). Recommendations as to how the implementation of these techniques could be improved in the future at your chosen organization: First theories which are explained here is Maslows Theories, with the help of this theories many companies come up with the broad choice to satisfy their employees and moreover enlarged the productivity of the company. The company Virgin Media should look at the other side of these theories of needs, in this the company are more focused on self-actualization needs and physical needs. The company should see overall side so that they put balance between the levels of pyramid (Virgin Media employs managed-learning company, 2011). Another one is Herzbergs two factor model under these company name is TESCO, TESCO more focus on enhancing employees skills and knowledge, instead of focusing on employees skills they should focus on more on hygiene factors. They should bring on change in company profile which suit employees and satisfied their job profile (STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD, 2015). References Barnes, R. (2011). The great Tesco beauty gamble (the Tesco supermarket chains marketing strategy for breaking into the UK beauty services market).Strategic Direction, 27(7). Friederichs, S., Bolman, C., Oenema, A. and Lechner, L. (2015). Profiling physical activity motivation based on self-determination theory: a cluster analysis approach.BMC Psychol, 3(1). Giorgi, G., Shoss, M. and Leon-Perez, J. (2015). Going Beyond Workplace Stressors: Economic Crisis and Perceived Employability in Relation to Psychological Distress and Job Dissatisfaction.International Journal of Stress Management. Herzberg, F. (2009). Elementary non-Archimedean utility theory.Mathematical Social Sciences, 58(1), pp.8-14. Kamasheva, A., Valeev, E., Yagudin, R. and Maksimova, K. (2015). Usage of Gamification Theory for Increase Motivation of Employees.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Kim, W. and Hallsworth, A. (2015). Tesco in Korea: Regulation and Retail Change.Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, p.n/a-n/a. Kohte, W. (2015). Leitstze.Juristische Rundschau, 2015(3). Krankenhausbelegung beeinflusst Mortalitt. (2015).Krankenhaus-Hygiene + Infektionsverhtung, 37(1), p.27. McPherson, J. (2014). You told me your story without words.Journal of Poetry Therapy, 28(1), pp.63-64. Pereira, V., de Campos, G. and Camarini, G. (2012). Maslows Theory of Motivation - Hierarchy of Needs: Results from Construction Operational Workers in So Paulo City, Brazil.AMM, 174-177, pp.2339-2342. Poorsheikhali, F. and Alavi, H. (2013). Correlation of Parents Religious Behavior with Familys Emotional Relations and Students Self-actualization.Journal of Religion and Health, 54(1), pp.235-241. STARSIGHT TELECAST, INC v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD ROVI SOLUTIONS, CORPORATION v VIRGIN MEDIA LTD. (2015).Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases, 132(1), pp.63-72. Tabvuma, V., Georgellis, Y. and Lange, T. (2015). Orientation Training and Job Satisfaction: A Sector and Gender Analysis.Human Resource Management, p.n/a-n/a. Taormina, R. and Gao, J. (2013). Maslow and the Motivation Hierarchy: Measuring Satisfaction of the Needs.The American Journal of Psychology, 126(2), pp.155-177. Virgin Media employs managed-learning company. (2011).Industrial and Commercial Training, 43(3). Wu, Q. (2011). Analysis about Hierarchy Needs Model of Technology Employees.AMR, 281, pp.243-248. Amaratunga, D. and Baldry, D. (2002). Performance measurement in facililities management and its relationships with management theory and motivation. Facilities, 20(10), pp.327-336. Werbel, J. and Balkin, D. (2010). Are human resource practices linked to employee misconduct?. Human Resource Management Review, 20(4), pp.317-326. Furnham, A., Eracleous, A. and Chamorro Premuzic, T. (2009). Personality, motivation and job satisfaction: Hertzberg meets the Big Five. Journal of Managerial Psych, 24(8), pp.765-779. Stone, D. and Lukaszewski, K. (2009). An expanded model of the factors affecting the acceptance and effectiveness of electronic human resource management systems. Human Resource Management Review, 19(2), pp.134-143.

To Build A Fire - Significance Of The Words Dying And Death Essays

To Build a Fire - Significance of the Words Dying and Death The significance of the words "dying and death" in Jack London's 1910 novel, "To Build a Fire" continuously expresses the man's dwindling warmth and bad luck in his journey along the Yukon trail to meet "the boys" at camp. London associates dying with the man's diminishing ability to stay warm in the frigid Alaskan climate. The main characters predicament slowly worsens one level at a time finally resulting in death. The narrator informs the reader "the man" lacks personal experience travelling in the Yukon terrain. The old-timer warned the man about the harsh realities of the Klondike. The confident main character thinks of the old-timer at Sulphur Creek as "womanish." Along the trail, "the man" falls into a hidden spring and attempts to build a fire to dry his socks and warm himself. With his wet feet quickly growing numb, he realizes he has only one chance to successfully build a fire or face the harsh realities of the Yukon at one-hundred nine degrees below freezing. Falling snow from a tree blots out the fire and the character realizes "he had just heard his own sentence of death." Jack London introduces death to the reader in this scene. The man realizes "a second fire must be built without fail." The man's mind begins to run wild with thoughts of insecurity and death when the second fire fails. He recollects the story of a man who kills a steer to stay warm and envisions himself killing his dog and crawling into the carcass to warm up so he can build a fire to save himself. London writes, "a certain fear of death, dull and oppressive, came to him." As the man slowly freezes, he realizes he is in serious trouble and can no longer make excuses for himself. Acknowledging he "would never get to the camp and would soon be stiff and dead," he tries to clear this morbid thought from his mind by running down the trail in a last ditch effort to pump blood through his extremities. The climax of the story describes "the man" picturing "his body completely frozen on the trail." He falls into the snow thinking, "he is bound to freeze anyway and freezing was not as bad as people thought. There were a lot worse ways to die." The man drowsed off into "the most comfortable and satisfying sleep he had ever known." The dog looked on creeping closer, filling his nostrils with the "scent of death." London's portrayal of the man does not initially give the reader the theme of dying, but slowly develops the theme as the story develops. The story doesn't mention death until the last several pages. The main character changes from an enthusiastic pionee r to a sad and desperate man. The conclusion of the story portrays the man accepting his fate and understands the old-timer at Sulphur Creek had been right; "no man must travel alone in the Klondike after fifty below." Typically, short stories written in the early 1900's often conclude the story with a death or tragedy. London's story is no exception. This story follows the pattern by illustrating events leading up to and including death. Thesis Statement- The significance of the words "dying and death" in Jack London's 1910 novel, "To Build a Fire" continuously expresses the man's dwindling warmth and bad luck in his journey along the Yukon trail to meet "the boys" at camp.

SAT Essay Prompts The Complete List

SAT Essay Prompts The Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On every SAT Essay, you'll have to read an argument meant to persuade a broad audience and discuss how well the author argues his or her point. The passage you'll have to read will change from test to test, but you'll always need to analyze the author's argument and write a coherent and organized essay explaining this analysis. In this article, we've compiled a list of the 14 real SAT essay prompts that the College Board has released (either in The Official SAT Study Guide or separately online) for the new SAT. This is the most comprehensive set of new SAT essay prompts online today. At the end of this article, we'll also guide you through how to get the most out of these prompts and link to our expert resources on acing the SAT essay. I'll discuss how the SAT essay prompts are valuable not just because they give you a chance to write a practice essay, but because of what they reveal about the essay task itself. Overview SAT essay prompts always keep to the same basic format. Not only is the prompt format consistent from test to test, but what you're actually asked to do (discuss how an author builds an argument) also remains the same across different test administrations. The College Board's predictability with SAT essay helps students focus on preparing for the actual analytical task, rather than having to think up stuff on their feet. Every time, before the passage, you'll see the following: As you read the passage below, consider how [the author] uses evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims. reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence. stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed. And after the passage, you'll see this: "Write an essay in which you explain how [the author] builds an argument to persuade [her/his] audience that [whatever the author is trying to argue for]. In your essay, analyze how [the author] uses one or more of the features listed in the box above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage. Your essay should not explain whether you agree with [the author]'s claims, but rather explain how [the author] builds an argument to persuade [her/his] audience." Now that you know the format, let's look at the SAT essay prompts list. 14 Official SAT Essay Prompts The College Board has released a limited number of prompts to help students prep for the essay. We've gathered them for you here, all in one place. We'll be sure to update this article as more prompts are released for practice and/or as more tests are released. SPOILER ALERT: Since these are the only essay prompts that have been released so far, you may want to be cautious about spoiling them for yourself, particularly if you are planning on taking practice tests under real conditions. This is why I've organized the prompts by the 10 that are in the practice tests (so you can avoid them if need be), the ones that are available online as sample prompts, and the ones that are in the text of the Official SAT Study Guide (Redesigned SAT), all online for free. Practice Test Prompts These 10 prompts are taken from the practice tests that the College Board has released. Practice Test 1: "Write an essay in which you explain how Jimmy Carter builds an argument to persuade his audience that the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge should not be developed for industry." Practice Test 2: "Write an essay in which you explain how Martin Luther King Jr. builds an argument to persuade his audience that American involvement in the Vietnam War is unjust." Practice Test 3: "Write an essay in which you explain how Eliana Dockterman builds an argument to persuade her audience that there are benefits to early exposure to technology." Practice Test 4: "Write an essay in which you explain how Paul Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience that natural darkness should be preserved." Practice Test 5: "Write an essay in which you explain how Eric Klinenberg builds an argument to persuade his audience that Americans need to greatly reduce their reliance on air-conditioning." Practice Test 6: "Write an essay in which you explain how Christopher Hitchens builds an argument to persuade his audience that the original Parthenon sculptures should be returned to Greece." Practice Test 7: "Write an essay in which you explain how Zadie Smith builds an argument to persuade her audience that public libraries are important and should remain open" Practice Test 8: "Write an essay in which you explain how Bobby Braun builds an argument to persuade his audience that the US government must continue to invest in NASA." Practice Test 9: "Write an essay in which you explain how Todd Davidson builds an argument to persuade his audience that the US government must continue to fund national parks." Practice Test 10: "Write an essay in which you explain how Richard Schiffman builds an argument to persuade his audience that Americans need to work fewer hours." Special note: The prompt for Practice Test 4 also appears on the College Board's site with real sample essays written in response. If you've written a practice essay for practice test 4 and want to see what essays of different score levels look like for that particular prompt, you can go there and look at eight real student essays. within darkness by jason jenkins, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Resized from original. Free Online Practice This prompt comes from the College Board website. "Write an essay in which you explain how Dana Gioia builds an argument to persuade his audience that the decline of reading in America will have a negative effect on society." This prompt comes from Khan Academy, where it is listed as an alternate essay prompt to go along with Practice Test 2: "Write an essay in which you explain how Leo W. Gerard builds an argument to persuade his audience that American colleges and universities should be affordable for all students." The Official SAT Study Guide 2020 The Official SAT Study Guide (editions published in 2015 and later available online for free) contains all 10 of the previously mentioned practice tests at the end of the book. In the section about the new SAT essay, however, there are two additional sample essay prompts (accompanied by articles to analyze). Sample Prompt 1: "Write an essay in which you explain how Peter S. Goodman builds an argument to persuade his audience that news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign news coverage provided to people in the United States." Sample Prompt 2: "Write an essay in which you explain how Adam B. Summers builds an argument to persuade his audience that plastic shopping bags should not be banned." hey thanks by Jonathan Youngblood, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped and resized from original. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! How Do You Get the Most Out of These Prompts? Now that you have all the prompts released by the College Board, it's important to know the best way to use them. Make sure you have a good balance between quality and quantity, and don't burn through all 14 of the real prompts in a row- take the time to learn from your experiences writing the practice essays. Step By Step Guide on How to Practice Using the Article #1: Understand how the SAT essay is graded. #2: Follow along as we write a high-scoring SAT essay, step by step. #3: Plan a set of features you'll look for in the SAT essay readings and practice writing about them fluidly. This doesn't just mean identifying a technique, like asking a rhetorical question, but explaining why it is persuasive and what effect it has on the reader in the context of a particular topic. We have more information on this step in our article about 6 SAT persuasive devices you can use. #4: Choose a prompt at random from above, or choose a topic that you think is going to be hard for you to detach from (because you'll want to write about the topic, rather than the argument) set timer to 50 minutes and write the essay. No extra time allowed! #5: Grade the essay, using the official essay rubric to give yourself a score out of 8 in the reading, analysis, and writing sections. #6: Repeat steps 4 and 5. Choose the prompts you think will be the hardest for you so that you can so that you're prepared for the worst when the test day comes #7: If you run out of official prompts to practice with, use the official prompts as models to find examples of other articles you could write about. Startby looking for op-ed articles in online news publications like The New York Times, The Atlantic, LA Times, and so on. For instance, the passage about the plastic bag ban in California (Official SAT Study Guide sample essay prompt 2, above) has a counterpoint here- you could try analyzing and writing about that article as well. Any additional articles you use for practice on the SAT essay must match the following criteria: ideally 650-750 words, although it'll be difficult to find an op-ed piece that's naturally that short. Try to aim for nothing longer than 2000 words, though, or the scope of the article is likely to be wider than anything you'll encounter on the SAT. always argumentative/persuasive. The author (or authors) is trying to get readers to agree with a claim or idea being put forward. always intended for a wide audience. All the information you need to deconstruct the persuasiveness of the argument is in the passage. This means that articles with a lot of technical jargon that's not explained in the article are not realistic passage to practice with. What's Next? We've written a ton of helpful resources on the SAT essay. If you're just getting started, we recommend beginning with our top SAT essay tips for a quick overview of the essay task and what you need to know. A little more familiar with the SAT essay but still not quite sure how to write one? Follow along with our step-by-step guide to writing the SAT essay. Looking to earn a high score? Learn what it takes to get the highest score possible on the SAT essay here. Plus, if you want a reference linking you to all of our great articles on the SAT essay, be sure to check out our ultimate SAT essay guide. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice SAT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

King Corn Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

King Corn Movie - Essay Example The film presents the revolution that has occurred in the process of farming, whereby the tractor has replaced the use of horses to pull the plow. In this case, the tractor is one of the equipments that have been introduced in the process of farming. Some of the other aspects in farming, which are discussed in this documentary, regards the decision by the government to subsidies the corn in order to keep their price low. Essentially, the small farmers were offered a low chance of expanding, thereby leading to significant changes u the quality of corn over the years. Besides, most of the production of corn had been used as for feeding animals and production of corn syrup, which has nutritional quality in the manufacture of foods high in a variety of starch. Therefore, the new variety of corn that was introduced could not be consumed before being possessed; thus farmers were no longer able to consume the products that they were growing. Some of major problems presented in film involved the growing and production of crops that are not consumable by farmers until they processed. In this case, there was a large area in Iowa, where corn was grown on a large track of land, and this was longer there by the time Ian Cheney and Curtis Ellis were undertaking their experiment. Apparently, as the farmers continued to understand the problem of growing corn for being inedible until processing; hence, they decided stop growing the crop. On the other hand, there was another problem, which involved the crop being stripped of vital nutrients as a result of genetic engineering in order to facilitate increased populations of the crop. In this case, there... The paper tells about the story in which two college graduates Ian Cheney and Curtis Ellis argues that they have identified the significance of consuming corn. This leads to curiosity of travelling in search for a way they could grow corn. However, they both trace their ancestry at a small town of Iowa, and they made a decision to lease an acre of land, which could enable them undertake their experiment. In this case, the movie explains that some families had the same piece of land, and there was an aspect of chance from the crop size due to the establishment of merchandise farming and degradation of product quality. Therefore, their experiment and documentary portrayed an aspect of change and the perception towards corn. Some of major problems presented in film involved the growing and production of crops that are not consumable by farmers until they processed. In this case, there was a large area in Iowa, where corn was grown on a large track of land, and this was longer there by the time Ian Cheney and Curtis Ellis were undertaking their experiment. The film presents ideas that corn is the process into various products such as a sweetener and ethanol, animal feeds, and the corn syrup, which is consumed by most of the Americans in the present days. Finally, Cheney and Ellis realized that their acre was untraceable due to the magnitude of the corn industry; in fact, this proofed that government subsidies play a significant role in ensuring that corn production remains profitable.